INTRODUCTION
Violence against children that includes all forms of violence against the people under 18 years old, whether is perpetrated by parents or other the caregivers, peers, romantic partners, or strangers. Globally, it is estimated as that up to 1 billion of children aged 2–17 years of haveing experienced physical, sexual, or emotional violence or neglect in the past year
TYPES OF VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN
• Maltreatment
• Bullying (including cyber-bullying)
• Intimate partner violence
• Child Labor
• Sexual violence
• Emotional or psychological violence
• Youth gang violence
MALTREATMENT
• Physical violence- including torture, assault or hurt.
• Neglect- by parents, caregivers and other authorities.
• Violent punishment
BULLYING
Verbal bullying- is an unwanted aggressive behaviour by another child or a group of children who are neither in siblings nor in a romantic relationship with the victim; it often takes place in schools and other settings where children gather.
Cyberbullying
INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE
• Involves a physical, sexual and emotional violence by an intimate partner or ex-partner.
• Although males can also be victims
• It commonly occurs in against girls within a child marriages and early/forced marriages.
• Among the romantically involved but unmarried adolescents, it is sometimes called “dating violence”.
CHILD LABOR
• 14 year : <14 yr. no one can take service in a factory
• 14-15 years: Can take service in non-hazardous industry
• 15 years : > 15 years one can be employed in the factory.
SEXUAL VIOLENCE
• Non-consensual acts-
– Contact- completed or attempted sexual contact in the form of vaginal, anal, oral, mutual masturbation, molesting, hugging etc.
– Non-contact- such as voyeurism or sexual harassment
• Children trafficking
• Online abuse- showing pornography or slang conversation
• Child Marriage
PSYCHOLOGICAL VIOLENCE
• Restricting a child’s movements,
• Denigration
• Ridicule,
• Threats
• Intimidation,
• Discrimination,
• Rejection
• Other non-physical forms of hostile treatment.
YOUTH GANG VIOLENCE
• Occurs in most often in a community settings between the acquaintances and strangers, includes the bullying and physical assault with or without use of weapons (such as guns and knives)
• Is concentrated among young adults aged 10–17 years
IMPACT OF VIOLENCE
• Result in death.
• Lead to severe injuries.
• Impair brain and nervous system development-
violence against children-
– can negatively affect the cognitive development
– and results in the educational and vocational under-achievement.
• Result in the negative coping and health risk behaviours- Most Children exposed to the violence and other adversities are substantially more likely to
– smoke, misuse alcohol and drugs, and
– engage in high-risk sexual behaviour.
– have the higher rates of anxiety, depression, other mental health problems and suicide.
• lead to unintended pregnancies
• Contribute to the wide range of non-communicable diseases as children grow older-
– increased risk for CV disease,
– cancer,
– diabetes,
– and other health conditions are largely due to the negative coping and health risk in the behaviours associated with violence.
• Impact opportunities and future generations-Children exposed to violence and other adversities are more likely-
– to drop out of school,
– have difficulty finding and keeping a job,
– are at the heightened risk for later victimization and/or
– perpetration of interpersonal violence
– self-directed violence
– by which violence against children can affect in the next generation
RISK FACTORS
• Individual level:
• Biological and personal aspects like such as the sex and the age
• Lower levels of education
• Low income
• Having a disability or mental health problems
• Being lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender
• Harmful use of alcohol and drugs
• History of the exposure to a violence.
Close-relationship level like:
• Lack of the emotional bonding between the children and parents or caregivers
• Poor parenting practices mostly affect
• Family dysfunction and the separation
• Being associated with the delinquent peers
• Witnessing violence between the parents or caregivers
• Early or forcedfuly marriage mostly early
Community level:
• Poverty and lack of proper education
• High population density in comunity level
• Low social cohesion and transient populations
• Easy access to the alcohol and firearms
• High concentrations of the gangs and illicit drug dealing and addiction.
Society level:
• Social and gender norms that create a climate in which violence is normalized or usal
• Health, Economic, Educational and the Social policies that maintain a economic, gender and the social inequalities
• Absent or inadequate avality of social protection
• Post-conflict situations or a natural disaster
• Settings with the weak governance and poor law enforcement
PREVENTION AND RESPONSE of Violence against children
• Implementation and enforcement of laws
• Norms and values change
• Safe environments
• Parental and caregiver support
• Income and economic strengthening
• Response services provision
• Education and life